class IO
  # other IO methods are defined in io.c

  # call-seq:
  #    ios.read_nonblock(maxlen [, options])              -> string
  #    ios.read_nonblock(maxlen, outbuf [, options])      -> outbuf
  #
  # Reads at most <i>maxlen</i> bytes from <em>ios</em> using
  # the read(2) system call after O_NONBLOCK is set for
  # the underlying file descriptor.
  #
  # If the optional <i>outbuf</i> argument is present,
  # it must reference a String, which will receive the data.
  # The <i>outbuf</i> will contain only the received data after the method call
  # even if it is not empty at the beginning.
  #
  # read_nonblock just calls the read(2) system call.
  # It causes all errors the read(2) system call causes: Errno::EWOULDBLOCK, Errno::EINTR, etc.
  # The caller should care such errors.
  #
  # If the exception is Errno::EWOULDBLOCK or Errno::EAGAIN,
  # it is extended by IO::WaitReadable.
  # So IO::WaitReadable can be used to rescue the exceptions for retrying
  # read_nonblock.
  #
  # read_nonblock causes EOFError on EOF.
  #
  # On some platforms, such as Windows, non-blocking mode is not supported
  # on IO objects other than sockets. In such cases, Errno::EBADF will
  # be raised.
  #
  # If the read byte buffer is not empty,
  # read_nonblock reads from the buffer like readpartial.
  # In this case, the read(2) system call is not called.
  #
  # When read_nonblock raises an exception kind of IO::WaitReadable,
  # read_nonblock should not be called
  # until io is readable for avoiding busy loop.
  # This can be done as follows.
  #
  #   # emulates blocking read (readpartial).
  #   begin
  #     result = io.read_nonblock(maxlen)
  #   rescue IO::WaitReadable
  #     IO.select([io])
  #     retry
  #   end
  #
  # Although IO#read_nonblock doesn't raise IO::WaitWritable.
  # OpenSSL::Buffering#read_nonblock can raise IO::WaitWritable.
  # If IO and SSL should be used polymorphically,
  # IO::WaitWritable should be rescued too.
  # See the document of OpenSSL::Buffering#read_nonblock for sample code.
  #
  # Note that this method is identical to readpartial
  # except the non-blocking flag is set.
  #
  # By specifying a keyword argument _exception_ to +false+, you can indicate
  # that read_nonblock should not raise an IO::WaitReadable exception, but
  # return the symbol +:wait_readable+ instead. At EOF, it will return nil
  # instead of raising EOFError.
  def read_nonblock(len, buf = nil, exception: true)
    Primitive.io_read_nonblock(len, buf, exception)
  end

  # call-seq:
  #    ios.write_nonblock(string)   -> integer
  #    ios.write_nonblock(string [, options])   -> integer
  #
  # Writes the given string to <em>ios</em> using
  # the write(2) system call after O_NONBLOCK is set for
  # the underlying file descriptor.
  #
  # It returns the number of bytes written.
  #
  # write_nonblock just calls the write(2) system call.
  # It causes all errors the write(2) system call causes: Errno::EWOULDBLOCK, Errno::EINTR, etc.
  # The result may also be smaller than string.length (partial write).
  # The caller should care such errors and partial write.
  #
  # If the exception is Errno::EWOULDBLOCK or Errno::EAGAIN,
  # it is extended by IO::WaitWritable.
  # So IO::WaitWritable can be used to rescue the exceptions for retrying write_nonblock.
  #
  #   # Creates a pipe.
  #   r, w = IO.pipe
  #
  #   # write_nonblock writes only 65536 bytes and return 65536.
  #   # (The pipe size is 65536 bytes on this environment.)
  #   s = "a" * 100000
  #   p w.write_nonblock(s)     #=> 65536
  #
  #   # write_nonblock cannot write a byte and raise EWOULDBLOCK (EAGAIN).
  #   p w.write_nonblock("b")   # Resource temporarily unavailable (Errno::EAGAIN)
  #
  # If the write buffer is not empty, it is flushed at first.
  #
  # When write_nonblock raises an exception kind of IO::WaitWritable,
  # write_nonblock should not be called
  # until io is writable for avoiding busy loop.
  # This can be done as follows.
  #
  #   begin
  #     result = io.write_nonblock(string)
  #   rescue IO::WaitWritable, Errno::EINTR
  #     IO.select(nil, [io])
  #     retry
  #   end
  #
  # Note that this doesn't guarantee to write all data in string.
  # The length written is reported as result and it should be checked later.
  #
  # On some platforms such as Windows, write_nonblock is not supported
  # according to the kind of the IO object.
  # In such cases, write_nonblock raises <code>Errno::EBADF</code>.
  #
  # By specifying a keyword argument _exception_ to +false+, you can indicate
  # that write_nonblock should not raise an IO::WaitWritable exception, but
  # return the symbol +:wait_writable+ instead.
  def write_nonblock(buf, exception: true)
    Primitive.io_write_nonblock(buf, exception)
  end
end
